Izimiselo Zokuphakama Ngaphakathi Kwezimali Zokungena Ngokuphelele

Indlela Izixhenye Zokumisa Umgodi Wakhe Ngaphakathi (HF) Zifuneka Kanjani

Iziphi Izingxenye Ezihamba Ngaphakathi (HF) Ze-RFID?

Izinhlelo ze-HF RFID zisebenza ngomshinge wokwakha kungcono 13.56 MHz baze kusetyenziswa ukuxhuma kwe-electromagnetic ukuhlawula ulwazi phambi kanye phambili phakathi kwezigcamla nezoloko. Zisebenza kahle kakhulu emehlweni apho izixhobo kudinga ukuxhasana kude kancane, ngaphezu kwe-1.5 methe. Ngalesi sikhathi amathambo aninzi ayithandaza le nto njengoko inkampani yokufinyelela nokuzivocavoca kwi-ID ngoba ingahlala ifundisa kahle nangona kungenjalo inqwelo okanye ukungqamuka. Kulinganiselwe kwezincinci ezincinane, le zinhlelo ze-HF zingahlaziya idatha ngokushesha kakhulu, zifikelela iispee 424 kbit/s. Ngaphezu koko, zilandela isitandard ISO 14443 esibonakalisa ukuthi zihlanganiselwe nezincazelo eziningi ze-smart card ezenziwa ngaphandle kwezimali eziphilayo ezibonakala manje emasavanini njengezobuhleboli nasezimalini.

Indima ye-13.56 MHz ekuvocavoceni kwi-ID engaphandle kwezilimi

13.56 MHz yaba yisikhathi eside isikhathi esifanelekileyo ngezinye zonke izwe ngokungcolisa izinhlelo zokungena. Kungani oku kuyinkimbinkimbi? Kulungise imithetho yokuthembeka apho ikhadi ne-reading device ziyathembeka kanye ngaphambi kokuthi kuthunyelwe ulwazi olubalulekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuphela izixhobo ezinebhizinisiwe zingafundana nolwazi olugcinwe ngomshini. Indlela efuna ngayo lemfreqensi ihlala inakekela ukungabi namphakathi kwezinto ezinezilimi, ngalesikhathi sibona khona kakhulu emagazini okungena ababili ngamabhizesi abasebenzisa amacarte wokuziphatha futhi kumafowuni enesimo sokungena (NFC). Ngokubheka uhlelo lwembono, izinhlelo eziningi ezenzekelayo kule mfreqensi zihlala zinezimali eziphumelelayo ezingu-99.6% xa ziphetse izidingo zezilaborithori. Akukho mubi ngokubhekisa ukuthi kungakanani oku kubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwebhuloki.

Ukuthini i-HF Emitters Zenzela Izinhlelo Zokungena Ngendlela E-Dijithal

I-HF emitters ihlasela izinhlelo zokungena zomlando ngokuthumela izithembiso ezigcinwe ngomshini kumfundisi ngendlela yokuxhumana ngokuphelele. Isibonelo:

• Ichipi epheleleyo yesimilo siqalisa xa isikhathiwa kumgwa wofundiswa we-1.2-meter
• Isiphozi sihambisa iqiniso eliqinileyo le-128-bit elingaphakathi kwemvume yomsebenzisi
• Abafundi bakhathiqa iziqiniso ngokulinganisa neezimpahla eziqukethe iindawo eziphathwayo ngapha kwe-50 ms

Lendlela iba yisahluko se amavo zokungena ngaphandle kokuthintana kumasebe wesikrweletu namathuba okuhlondoloza, ekhupha amathinta athile ngama-83% kunye nokuthelekisa nezigidi (Ingxelo yeSecurity Tech 2023).

Ukulinganisa phakathi kukaHF kunye ne-Low-Frequency RFID kumsebenzi wokhuseleko

Ifakti	HF RFID (13.56 MHz)	LF RFID (125 kHz)
Ubude befundiswa	Kude kube 1.5m	<0.3m
Isivinini Sehlotshwa KweDatha	106–424 kbit/s	<12 kbit/s
Imithetho Yobuhlelo	AES-128, MIFARE DESFire	Uhlongo olulula lwebala
Inkohlakalo Yokuthintana	Ithile (iyasebenza edlulela nezimali)	Phakade (kumelela emgodini)

Ngokuboniswe kwiinkcukacha ze-RFID ezihlala zisetyenziswa ngumxholo, iintonga ze-HF zinika ubuhlebheki obungcono kulawulo lwendluli, ngelixa i-LF isalwa kwemisebenzi yombuzana omncinci njengekukhangela kwezilwane.

Izimbono zokuphelelwa kwezimali ze-13.56 MHz HF Emitters kulawulo lwendluli

Ukufihla kwaye ukuthembeka okwabisana kumfundisi wehafu-makhene

Ithegi ze-HF RFID ezisebenzayo ngaphambi kofreqensi 13.56 MHz zisebenzisa ukukhululwa kwe-AES-128 nakwezinyathelo zokuthola ubume apho izilimi ezimbili, isixhobo sokufunda nemfanelo, kufuneka zibonise ukuthi zilungile ngaphambi kokuba kunikelwe iminikiso phakathi kwazo. Lo ndlela yokuqinisekisa ezimbili kancane ikhansela ukuthi kungakhathalwa yizikhethiwe zomlando futhi iqiniseke ukuthi kuphela izixhobo eziphumelelayo kuphela azilunge ngokwalo. Ngokwesiqephu esahlolwe ngozhi lwasekhohlo kulawulo kweviki, amagugu afaka lezi zindlela zokuphepha abengenako ukufinyelela kabusha ngama-83 kabusha kangangokulinganiswa nezinhlelo ezindala ezincane zofreqensi engazange zifakwe ngalezo zihlalo eziphambene.

Ukulungiswa Kweziphatshana Ngezithuthi Ze-HF RFID

Iziphequluli ze-data ezigcinwe zothuthelwa ngu-HF emitters zibuyekezela ngendlela eyayisekile, kuyakha iziqinisekiso ezikhethiwe zifanele ukungasebenzi. Ngaphandle kwe-RFID cards ezenziwe ngendlela ethile ezithintekayo nge-$25 handheld skimmers, izinhlelo ze-HF zakhula i-keys eziphathelene nomlando wokungena. Abakhi belayisha izinkipho zokukhuphela okubanzi kuzo zizilungise izithombe uma kutholakala ukuzama ukubuyisela.

Amadoda Okulungiswa Nezidingo Zokuhlangana Ngezinhlelo Ze-HF

Izinhlelo zokulawula njenge-ISO 14443-4 ne-IEC 60364-7-710 zidinga ukugcinwa kwe-HF-grade phakathi kwemithombo yesiphilungu, izinkampani zomthelelo, nezihlalo zezakhamzimba. Lezi zinhlelo zidinga indawo yokugcina engaphezu kuka-256-bit yemiyalo yokungena nemshumayelo ngexesha elishintsha, okungalikwazi ukuyikhubaza ngempumelelo izinhlelo ezingaphansi kwe-125 kHz.

Kungani Ezinye Izisebenzi Zisebenzisa Izingxenye Ezingezantsi Kakhulu Zemigudu Engaphansi

Nakuba kunezinkinga eziphathelene ngokwamandla, izinkampani ezingu-32% zibamba isimo sekuqashisa okungu-125 kHz (Ponemon 2023) ngokuthi izimali zezinfrastruktura ezandululayo. Ukushifta izinhlelo zonke kusuku kusenkombo $4.20 ngalunye olwazi, lokhu kwenza kube khona izindlela zokuthatha izimali. Kodwa, izifengo ezihlangene ezivikela amafreqensi amabili zihlanganisa leli phansi, zinikeza indlela yokuthutha ngokuphindaphindi ngekuthi akukho shintsho esigcwele sezinhlelo.

Izinkokhelo Zomsebenzi Wamagugu ase-HF RFID

Izinhlelo zemithuthi yase-high-frequency (HF) RFID zihlangana nezinsiza zokusebenza nokuthembeka kuzimiso zokuvikela ukufinyelela. Ukuqonda izimo zokusebenza kuzakusiza izinkampani ukuze baziprimile izinhlelo zokufinyelela engaqashelanga kodwa bakhumbule ukuphepha okuphephile.

Ubude Bokufunda Kwezinhlelo ze-HF RFID Ezifundeni Ngempela

Izimithuthi ze-HF RFID ezigcina kwi-13.56 MHz zihlala zifuna ubude obugcwele phakathi kwe 10 cm kuze kube 1.5 mita , ngabe zonke izinhlelo zezoshesha zihlelwe ngokuphelele ukusebenza phakathi kwe 0.3–1 mita (ScienceDirect 2022). Izindlela zangaphandle ziyahlukana kakhulu:

Ibande Lefreqensi	Ukuphakama Kwe-Read Kusengaphakathi	Inhliziyo Yekhiye Eshiyiwe Ngezindlela Ezimbi	Imisebenzo Esheshayo
LF (125 kHz)	5-10 cm	Phantsi	Ukungena Kwikhi, ukulandela kwezilwane
HF (13.56 MHz)	0.3-1 m	Kancane	Ukufinyelela okuhlelekile, imali engaphawuli
UHF (900 MHz)	3-15 m	Kunye	Ukuphatha izikhathi, ukulawula

Idatha kusuka kulinganako lwesiphu lokuxhumana kubonisa ukuthi izinhlayezelo ze-HF zinikeza equilibriphu ehlukile kumathuba wokungena kudlule lapho umsakazo othile ungciniseka ubuhlekeleli ngaphandle kokuphula into ekhokhelwayo.

Ukuqeqeshwa Kwezilinganiso Nezobuchwepheshe Ngemithombo Yokungena Yadinga Ukugcina

Isilinganiso esingcinwe sabaleni besifungo se-HF sibophelela ngokusethembeka ukuthi kungabi nomthehlwini wezimiso ezidingekayo. Isahluko esivikela emva kovavanyo lwebuchwepheshe ngo-2023 sobonisa ukuthi izinhlayezelo ezisebenzisa i-HF zihlukaniswa ngaphezu kuka-72% yezimiso ezingahlongwanga kusukela kuzinye izinhlayezelo ezide zika-UHF emasiphiweni. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukufana kwisakhiwo sokuvikela, kwenza isigaba esihlukile sokuvikela kwezimiso ezingahlongwanga.

Izilinganiso Zokuthunyelwa Kwedatha Nenhlaziyo Yomthombo

Izinhliziyo ze-HF RFID zixhasa izilinganiso zokuthunyelwa kwedatha ku 424 kbit/s (Isimo Sokulinganisa Se-NFC), kuvikela ukubalwa okusheshayo kwezimiso <200 ms kumazwakala okungahle kangaka ababophelela kakhulu. Lokhu kubamba iqiniso lezidingo zezindawo ezinezindlela eziphakeme ngaphandle kokuthintana ngezinhlangano ze-AES-128 engakhathalanga umsindo wokusebenza.

Ukudibanisa kwe-HF Emitters ngezinhlelo ezihlotshanisa i-NFC ne-BLE

Ukuxhumana Ngaphakathi (NFC) njengenye indlela yokunwetshwa kwe-HF RFID

Isikhathi sengqikithi ye-NFC sekuqukethweni kwezimali ephakeme (HF) esebenzayo kumekhi 13.56 MHz esihlukene ngokuthi isistemu samanje ye-RFID. Okwakha umehluko phakathi kwe-NFC ne-teknoloji engaphandle kwalokhu kukhona kwemfundiso yesibalo esinokuthi kubaluleke ukuthi izixhobo zizwakalela ngokuphindaphinda ngendlela ethembekile xa zidlulula i-sentimita ezimbalwa kuphela. Ukubamba okufunekayo kakhulu kwenza kube lula ukuthi abantu bathintathise imali, kodwa futhi kuvula indlela yezinto ezilungile njengezivikelo zokuthola iqiniso nekhodi yokuphepha enkodwa. Ekugcineni, abahloli besifundazwe baphuma ngezinombolo ngo-2022 ebiza ukuthi i-NFC izofinyelela izimbili eziphakade zingama-$30 ngowe-2026. Kungani? Ngoba abantu bafuna imali yabo ibe yisikhathi esingcinileyo nokuthula, kanti amakhampu asebenzisa izindlela ezinamandla zokudibanisa izixhobo njengezinhlelo yokuvala kwindlu yasebhange ngaphandle kokuchitha okuningi komthetho wasekuqaleni.

Izinhlelo ze-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Zonke Ngezinye Izingxenye Ezintsha Zokufinyelela

Xa izithungukazi ze-HF zihlanganiswa nezobuchwepheshe ze-BLE emathiselweni afakelene, zingafinyelela ezinkathini kusuka ku-10 kuze kube ngu-50 methe, ngelishwa zibambelela lezi ziqiniso esibalulekile. Inkinga ivela xa kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. I-BLE ingahlaba amandla webhethri ngaphezulu kuka-NFC engaphatha, ngaleso sikhathi ke amakhampuni anianianya ukuthi azenze izinhlelo ezingalodwa. Ukufumana i-BLE modules eziqukethwe khona kunciphisa izindleko zokuvula kakhulu, oseluhlaza ngezimali ezingu-thousand ezingu-10 ezithintekayo ngalunye ulwazi, futhi kuyakha kakhulu ukusebenza nabanye amathiselwano abhesheshi abasebenziswayo. Lokhu okuqukethwe konke kudinga kukhombisa into eyayizwa ngokuthi kukhona uhlelo lwesivikelo esifakelene. Kabanzi, i-HF ibophephela ubuchwepheshe bezifinyelelo ezazingeni ezijulile, wathi i-BLE ibe yilapho umuntu uqhubeka ekhona njengoba kunjalo umsebenzi ofanele usheshwe.

Isibonelo: Izibhajithe Eziningi Zobuchwepheshe Kuzindiza Zokugcina

Ikorporasi enkulu engu-Fortune 500 yaphoqeleka kakhulu ekuthinteni kwezimali ezingavumelekile - ku-63% ngokujikeleza - kamva kusabalala ukusebenzisa izikhawu ezihlanganisa i-HF, i-NFC, ne-BLE tech. Abasebenzi bacaphuna kuphela izikhawu zabo kumfundisi we-HF/NFC ukuze bafinyelele, kodwa okwakhiwa kizikhawu zonke njengoba zibalulekile nguqu ye-BLE eyaziwa ngakho konke abantu bathatha phambi kwazo kumkhondvo othembekile. Ukulungiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kunciphisa inkinga okuba izinhlelo ezidala ezitholakala nje ngumshelo oyidingayo. Isibonelo, kubona lapho umuntu ozohlangana nesikhawu sakhe no-munye umfowethu noma lapho abaningi abaninzi bafika phansi kudlule ngaphandle kwebhiziniso elivumelekile. Kamva kokunquma leli qhaza elisha, izahluko zangaphakathi zathola ukuthi izikhathi zokuphendula kuzinkinga ezithile zazinzima kabusha (ngaphezu kuka-41%) kunazo ezindala izinhlelo ze-LF-RFID ezimbala iphuhlisisa.

Ukusebenzisa Kwezithuthi Ze-High-Frequency Ekufinyeleni Kwisikhundla Esithembekile

I-HF RFID Ezigabeni Zokugcina Nezomnotho

Izihlengahlenga ze-RFID zeghobo eliphakeme le-13.56 MHz ziyisisekelo manje emakhaya amakhulu kakhulu kanye namahhotela afaniwe kangaka ngamanje. Amakhampeni ashiya lezi ziphamende ezivivinywa ngu-HF ukuze abasebenzi bakhweshelwe ngokulula. Igama elide le-1 meter lithi abasebenzi angadingi ukuswashila izikhweti ngokwephuhlungu xa bafika emathongweni akhangelwayo. Kuma hhotela, lezi ziphamande ezivumelekile ku-HF zenza ubomi lubalulekile kumehlwa. Zisebenza ngendlela ehlakaniphile ngezinhlelo zokuphatha i-hhotela esikhathazini sibonisa ukuthi umsebenzi ungakhipha imininingwane engcono. Ukubheka izripoti zomthongo walesi sigodi, sibona okuthile okuthakathaka kusenzeka. Amahhotela athintela izinhlelo ze-HF ayekhipha intonga yasemphandleni ngaproximately 41% ngo-2023 ngokungahliki kwebhukhinga engaphakathi eyayithanda izihlwanhla.

Ukwakhiwa Kwesimo Ngaphandle Kokuqhathaniswa Egesini Lomphakathi NaseGovenimenti

Izihospitali nekliniki eziningi zacola ukulayisha izithombe ze-HF ngoba ziyaxhaswa phakade phakathi kwekuhlonza nokugcina imingxenye yezimali. Uma amakhonkhoni athatha izibhajji zazo nezimpendulo, lezi zixhobo zohlala ukufinyelela emathilweni apho izicelo zogcino zilondoloziwe kwaye zibhale ngokuzenzekelayo abantu bafika nini - oku kudingeka kakhulu ukuze kufaneleke nezidingo eziphambili ze-HIPAA. Ngobude beqiniso, iingcubungwabo zizivuselela umsebenzi we-13.56 MHz ukuqinisekisa iindaba. Thatha umzekelo wendalo ye-US Federal Identity Program. Emva kokutshintsha kwizimoto ze-e-passport ezisebenzisa i-HF ngo-2022, babona ukuba iivavanyo zovuselelo zahamba ngaphezu kwezintathu ngokwesithathu njengoko kuchazwe kumbhalo wabo. Lo hlelo lombono lubonakala ngokukodwa ekusetyenziseni iinkcukacha ezimisweyo.

Izimbili Emandla Emva KokuPhetheka: UkuPhindeka Kwemvume Yonke Engaphandle KoThinta

Iziphumo zeqhina ezingavulanga zibonakala ukuthi kunezidingo ezikhona ngokuphelele kakhulu, ezaziwa ngokuthi zingcono nge-89% ngaphandle kuka-2020 ngokwesithathu seSecurity Industry Association esiphakathi kwelilonyaka, lokhu kuchaza kungani izimvo zika-HF zihlukaniswa kangakanani emakhaya aphathekayo. Emabhodini ngamanje, abasebenzisi basebenzisa i-HF RFID noma i-NFC emaceleni ukuze bahlawule amathikithi ngaphandle kokuthi bonke bafinyelela okukhulu. Ezinye izindlu zokusebenza ezinezinkohlaka ziyadinga futhi ukufaka izinqumo ezihlanganisa i-HF ne-BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) ukuqinisekisa amaceli wabantu ngaphambi kakhulu kokuba bafike emuva. Amakhampuni afundisa ku-HF emitters ayethulwa ngaphezulu kwezinguquko ezivela kuzo zombili izinhlelo zezilingo eziphansi, futhi kubaluleka kakhulu ekugcineni isiqinisekiso.

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Ubude obuhlelekile bukuqala kwi-HF RFID yisiphi?

Ubude obuhlelekile bukuqala kwi-HF RFID ezisebenzisa i-13.56 MHz ubude obukhulu kubizwa phakathi kwe-10 cm kuya ku-1.5 meters, nakuba izinhlelo eziningi zasemthengi zihlelwe kahle kumzamo phakathi kwe-0.3 kuya ku-1 meter.

Kungani isikhathi esikhulu se 13.56 MHz sithandwa yizinhlelo ze-RFID?

i-13.56 MHz ivikela izinhlelo zokuthola indumasi ngokuthelekisa, futhi iyisiseko esihle kuzinhlelo zokuvikela ukufinyelela. Isebenza kahle emuva kwamathambo okunqamula, ekhuphukisa ukungqamuli kanye nokugcina ubunikwano obubalulekile.

Izinhlelo ze-HF RFID ziyakha njani ukungaviki komthwethwe?

Izinhlelo ze-HF RFID zisebenzisa ukuqukatha kwe-AES-128 nokuthola indumasi ngokuthelekisa, lapho umfundi nomkhankaso kumele bakhonze inkinga yesando sakho ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ukuthengiswa kwebhodlo. Lokhu kakhuphuka ukufinyelela okungavumelekile nokuthengiswa okungafanelekile.

Kungani okhululekile kuzo zombuso zibalasele izinhlelo ze-RFID eziphansi kakhulu?

Nakuba izinhlelo ezifana nezophansi zinezinkinga, okhululekile kuzo zombuso zazigcina ngoba izindleko zezibonelo ezadala zibiza izindleko ezinkulu ukushintsha kuzinhlelo ze-HF. Izofundisi ezihlangene zingakwamukela izibuyekezo ngokuphindaphindi ngeke kube khona ukuguqulwa kabonke.